Rafidain Journal of Science

A total of 60 samples were isolated from surgical wound infections, nares, and UTI's. Eight samples were positive for Staphylococcus aureus biochemical tests. These samples were collected from the Dr. Khalid General hospital in Koya city.
Analysis of plasmids that digested by EcoRI and Hind III showed that plasmids conferring different resistance phenotypes showed different restriction profiles, while plasmids conferring similar resistance phenotypes may have shared one or more bands in common.
Generally, Staphylococcus aureus isolates were highly diverse, as shown by their differing chromosome and plasmid patterns, and antibiotic resistance profiles. Plasmids isolated from surgical wound infections showed similarity with plasmids isolated from urinary tract infections depending on the antibiotic resistance and deportation gel electrophoresis. There was no similarity between the plasmids isolated from isolates of non pathogenic and pathogenic state.

Two groups of healthy mature male albino rats, fed ad libitum, were used in this study, each group of ten animals, the age of animals in the first group was 4 months and 130 – 190g in weight, and the age of animals in the second group was 12 months and 240 – 300g in weight.
After fixation of the right testis which removed from all animals, 5 blocks were prepared from each testis and one random section from each block was stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin.
The diameter of the seminiferous tubules, its lumen and the thickness of the germinal epithelium, and the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and the Leydig cells were estimated using a visopan projecting microscope to study the effect of aging on the histology of the testis.
The study showed no changes in the diameter and lumen of seminiferous tubules, and in the thickness of the germinal epithelium, while there was a significant negative changes in the number of spermatogonia, spermatoytes and Leydig cells between the animals of the two groups.
These findings reflect the correlation between aging and testis histological changes which may affect the sexual performance in males.

Rheumatoid arthritis, is a chronic multi-system disease, causes many systemic manifestation, the most characteristic of which is the symmetrical involvement of peripheral articulation by inflammatory synovitis. There is also a consideration that cellular immunity has some role in the genesis of the disease. Indeed RA has been described as T-lymphocyte –macrophage immunoregulation disorder. In this study, we evaluate the changes in serum levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and the role of these elements in the pathogenesis of the disease.
22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were evaluated clinically and biologically at Ibin Sina hospital in Mosul thirteen patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and 9 patients with inactive rheumatoid arthritis compared with 20 normal healthy subjects.
In the present study we observed significantly higher serum Cu levels in patients with RA compared with those in normal control subjects (p<0.0001). Cu in active patients were somewhat higher compared with non active RA patients.
On the contrary the results for serum zinc, manganese and iron levels in patients with active RA had significantly lower than that of normal control subjects (p<0.0001).A non significant difference also occur between active and inactive RA patients.
Rheumatoid arthritis induced significant changes in the level of copper, manganese and iron in rheumatoid arthritis patients but no significant changes between active and inactive patients .We therefore conclude that further studies are needed to see the effect of serum level of these minerals on the activity of RA and Researches in this side could open a new field in the management of RA at least as a complementary therapy with disease modifying anti- rheumatic drugs and biological agents, and interestingly these are dietary without side effects and inexpensive agents.

Protective effect of aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa was studied on paracetamol induced liver damage in rats by administrating the rats with 1gm/ kg of body weight of paracetamol for 21days. Pretreatment rats with 100 and 200 mg / kg of body weight of Capparis spinosa extract protected rats against paracetamol liver injury lead to significantly increasing of reduced glutathione ( GSH ), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and significantly lowering lipid peroxidation (LPO), manoldialdehyde (MDA), cholesterol and triglyceride levels .
The elevation in GSH ,CAT and SOD and reduction LPO and MDA by using aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa comparing with posetive control and returning the biochemical parameters to normalization indicated that the aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa posses strong protective property against paracetamol- induced liver damage in rats.

New aromatic polyamides have been prepared through copolymerization of a tetrazo molecule with terephthalic acid.
Electrical conductivity measurements of the pure polymers show an enhancement of the electrical conductivity with increasing the azo moieties in the backbone of the polymer. The results can be rationalized by the effect of the dipole moment of the azo group.
Doping effect with iodine was also studied. The conductivity of the investigated polymers was increased by many order of magnitude through the doping process.
The study proved that the alignment of the dipole moment of the groups along the polymeric chain will give another reason for enhancing the electrical conductivity of the polymers .

In the present work , a computational investigation has been considered on the true and a focal zoom-lens (i.e. lenses whose magnification may be changed without losing focus)for the five-cylindrical electrostatic lens system, by the aid of the simulation program LENSYS, using the finite difference method .Results are obtained as a function of the ratio of the controlling voltages. It was found that the five-cylindrical lens can be operated with the whole focus properties in a useful mode for controlling and focusing the charged particles in experimental studies.

The developing of the polepieces structure together with the geometrical parameters for the magnetic electron lenses have led to new possibilities for constructing these lenses which are used in the rotation free images of electron microscope.
The optical properties of asymmetrical magnetic projector lens of triple polepieces geometry and two air gaps of an opposite excitation were studied in detail. Radial distortion was reduced to zero, at a certain excitation, where the projector focal length reached its minimum value. Therefore, the spiral distortion was reduced by changing some parameters of polepiece, so that this lens becomes asymmetrical in shape. Furthermore radial and spiral distortions were eliminated from the lens and the focal length was shortened when the thickness of the middle polepiece (t) and the diameter of the upper polepiece (d1) were changed alternately, the free rotation in the image was obtained.

In the present work evaluation of effect of high pressure on phonon frequency spectrum for copper has been performed by using different equations of state (EOS) and evaluating lattice vibrations frequencies shift and variations of mode density under high pressure. Variation of Grüneisen parameter under high pressure has been considered in our calculations